Vaccines, such as those against smallpox virus, polio virus, and yellow fever virus, have saved millions of lives. However, many infectious diseases, such as HIV-1, still lack a preventive vaccine. In addition, various vaccines, such as those against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 require boosters and may not confer 100% lifelong protection...
Intestinal immunity is a critical contributor to host health. The immune system in the intestine maintains both defense against pathogens and homeostasis of intestinal tissue, which is exposed to environmental influences, including microbes and ingested foods. Proper regulation of the immune response is required to prevent damage to the host....